7- Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the Present Perfect is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the Present Perfect tense, as well as the use of for and since, followed by a quiz to check your understanding
The Present Perfect tense is really a very interesting tense, and a very useful one. Try not to translate the Present Perfect into your language. Just try to accept the concepts of this tense and learn to “think” Present Perfect! You will soon learn to like the Present Perfect tense
?How do we make the Present Perfect tense
The structure of the Present Perfect is
| subject | + | auxiliary have | + | main verb |
| conjugated in Present Simple | ||||
| have, has | past participle |
The auxiliary verb (have) is conjugated in the Present Simple: have, has
The main verb is invariable in past participle form: -ed (or irregular)
For negative sentences we insert not between the auxiliary verb and the main verb
For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the auxiliary verb
Look at these example sentences with the Present Perfect tense
| subject | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + | I | have | seen | ET | |
| + | You | have | eaten | mine | |
| – | She | has | not | been | to Rome |
| – | We | have | not | played | football |
| ? | Have | you | finished? | ||
| ? | Have | they | done | it |
Contraction with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this in informal writing
| I have | I’ve |
| You have | You’ve |
| He has She has It has John has The car has | He’s She’s It’s John’s The car’s |
| We have | We’ve |
| They have | They’ve |
You’ve told me that before
John’s seen Harry Potter
In negative sentences, we may contract the auxiliary verb and “not
You haven’t won the contest
She hasn’t heard from him
He’s or he’s??? Be careful! The ‘s contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and be. For example, “It’s eaten” can mean
It has eaten. (Present Perfect tense, active voice)
It is eaten. (Present Simple tense, passive voice)
It is usually clear from the context
?How do we use the Present Perfect tense
This tense is called the Present Perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present
We use the Present Perfect to talk about
experience
change
continuing situation
Present Perfect for experience
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it
| I have seen an alien He has lived in Bangkok ?Have you been there We have never eaten caviar | ||
| past | present | future |
| !!! | ||
| The action or state was in the past | In my head, I have a memory now |
Connection with past: the event was in the past
Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it
Present Perfect for change
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about a change, or new information
| I have bought a car | ||
| past | present | future |
| – | + | |
| Last week I didn’t have a car | Now I have a car. |
| John has broken his leg. | ||
| past | present | future |
| + | – | |
| Yesterday John had a good leg | Now he has a bad leg. |
| ?Has the price gone up | ||
| past | present | future |
| + | – | |
| ?Was the price $1.50 yesterday | Is the price $1.70 today |
| The police have arrested the killer | ||
| past | present | future |
| – | + | |
| Yesterday the killer was free | Now he is in prison. |
Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present
Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past
Americans do use the Present Perfect but less than British speakers. Americans often use the Past Simple tense instead. An American might say “Did you have lunch?”, where a British person would say “Have you had lunch
Present Perfect for continuing situation
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a situation (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure
| I have worked here since June He has been ill for 2 days ?How long have you known Tara (for) | ||
| past | present | future |
| The situation started in the past | It continues up to now | (It will probably continue into the future.) |
Connection with past: the situation started in the past
Connection with present: the situation continues in the present
For and Since with Present Perfect tense
We often use for and since with perfect tenses
We use for to talk about a period of time: five minutes, two weeks, six years
We use since to talk about a point in past time: 9 o’clock, 1st January, Monday
| for | since |
| a period of time | a point in past time |
| – – – – – – – – – – – – | – • – – – – – – – – – – |
| 20 minutes | 6.15pm |
| three days | Monday |
| 6 months | January |
| 4 years | 1994 |
| 2 centuries | 1800 |
| a long time | I left school |
| ever | the beginning of time |
| etc | etc |
Look at these example sentences using for and since with the Present Perfect tense
I have been here for twenty minutes
I have been here since 9 o’clock
John hasn’t called for six months
John hasn’t called since February
He has worked in New York for a long time
He has worked in New York since he left school
For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only
When should I use the Present Perfect Simple Tense
Unfinished Actions
We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say ‘how long’ and we need ‘since’ or ‘for’. We often use stative verbs
I’ve known Karen since 1994
She’s lived in London for three years
I’ve worked here for six months
‘Since’ and ‘For
We use ‘since’ with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived)
I’ve known Sam since 1992
I’ve liked chocolate since I was a child
She’s been here since 2pm
We use ‘for’ with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months)
I’ve known Julie for ten years
I’ve been hungry for hours
She’s had a cold for a week
Finished Actions
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person’s life. We don’t say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use the words ‘ever’ and ‘never’ here
I have been to Tokyo
They have visited Paris three times
We have never seen that film
3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is still continuing
I haven’t seen her this month
She’s drunk three cups of coffee today
I’ve already moved house twice this year
We CAN’T use the present perfect with a finished time word
NOT:I’ve seen him yesterday
4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English
I’ve lost my keys (so I can’t get into my house)
She’s hurt her leg (so she can’t play tennis today)
They’ve missed the bus (so they will be late)
5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened recently, even if there isn’t a clear result in the present. This is common when we want to introduce news and we often use the words ‘just / yet / already / recently’. However, the past simple is also correct in these cases, especially in US English
The Queen has given a speech
I’ve just seen Lucy
The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways
Been and Gone
In this tense, we use both ‘been’ and ‘gone’ as the past participle of ‘go’, but in slightly different circumstances. We use ‘been’ (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person we’re talking about visited the place and came back
I’ve been to Paris (in my life, but now I’m in London, where I live)
She has been to school today (but now she’s back at home)
They have never been to California
We use ‘gone’ (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person went to the place and is at the place now
Where’s John? He’s gone to the shops (he’s at the shops now)
Julie has gone to Mexico (now she’s in Mexico)
They’ve gone to Japan for three weeks (now they’re in Japan)
Present Perfect In English
Present Perfect المضارع التام
التكوين : يتكون المضارع التام ( التصريف الثالث للفعل has / have + pp (past participle
تأتي has مع he / she / it
تأتي have مع I /we / you / they
مثال : I have watched TV لقد شاهدت التليفزيون
مثال : He has waited for 4 hours لقد انتظر لمدة اربع ساعات
مثال : we have played tennis لقد لعبنا التنس
Present Perfect
Form : has / have + pp ( past participle )
Has ( he / she / it )
Have ( I / we / you / they )
Example : I have painted the wall
لقد قمت بدهان الحائط
Example : The car has stopped suddenly
لقد توقفت السيارة فجأة
Example : It has rained heavily
لقد أمطرت بغزارة
الاستخدام :
يستخدم زمن المضارع التام للتعبير عن: 1- حدث بدأ في الماضي ومازل عي علاقة بالوقت الحاضر
مثال : we have worked in this company since 2000
لقد بدأنا العمل بالشركة منذ عام 2000 ( ومازلنا نعمل فيها حتي الان )
2- يستخدم للتعبير عن حدث مؤخر في الماضي ولا تزال نتائجه واضحة في الوقت الحالي
مثال : I have painted the wall
لقد قمت بدهان الحائط ( لم يتم دهانه بالكامل )
Use
We use present perfect to talk about something began in the past and still the case in the present :
Example : We have married for 5 years ( still married )
(لقد تزوجنا منذ 5 سنوات (ومازالوا
Example : Ahmed has washed the dishes ( still washing )
(لقد قام أحمد بغسل الأطباق (ومازال
2- We use present perfect to express recent action in the past and has its consequences in the present :
Example : It has rained ( there is water in the street )
لقد امطرت – هناك اثار مياة في الشارع
Example : Ahmed has left the house ( the door is open )
قد غادر أحمد البيت /فقد كان الباب مفتوحا دليل علي خروجه
Example : I have painted the wall
لقد قمت بدهان الحائط – لا تزال الألوان علي الحائط ولم يدهن بأكمله
السؤال في زمن المضارع التام
الشكل : ?? pp+ الفاعل + Has / Have) ويكون الجواب عن السؤال ب yes / no
مثال : ?Have you watched TV هل شاهدت التليفزيون ؟
ويكون الجواب : yes, I have نعم لقد شاهدته
no I have not لا لم اشاهد
مثال : ? Have they finished their homework هل انتهوا من كتابة الواجب
ويكون الجواب : yes , they have نعم قاموا بذلك
no, the y have not لا
Question in present continuous
form : has / have +الفاعل +الفعل في التصريف الثالث
Example : Has he done his exercise ?
هل قام بممارسة التمارين
The answer : Yes, he has نعم قام بذلك
No he has not لا لم يقم
Example : Has the bus waited for 1 hour ?
هل انتظر الاتوبيس لمدة ساعة
Yes , it has
No, it has not
Example : Has the government finished the new project ?
هل انتهت الحكومة من المشروع الجديد ؟
Yes , it has نعم لقد انتهت
No , it has not لا لم تنته
Key words in present perfect
الكلمات الدالة في المضارع التام :
هناك عدد من الكلمات التي يتم استخدامها في زمن المضارع التام للدلالة عليه حيث ان ذكرهم في الجملة يشير الي ان هذه الجملة في زمن المضارع التام ومن هذه الكلمات :
(already بالفعل / just توا / في الحال / recently مؤخرا / yet بعد / since- for منذ / ever- never أبدا – في حياتي )
مثال : I have just finished my home work لقد انتهيت للتو من عمل الواجب
مواقع-تعلم-الإنجليزية-للمبتدئين
مثال : She has already washed the dishes لقد قامت بغسل الاطباق بالفعل
مثال : he has left his job since 2000 لقد ترك عمله منذ عام 2000
مثال : Ahmed has waited for 2 hours لقد انتظر أحمد لمدة ساعتين
مثال : Sara has quitted recently لقد استقالت سارة مؤخرا
Key words in present perfect
(Already / just / recently / ever / never / yet / since / for )
Example : We have just painted the house
لقد انتهينا من دهان المنزل حالا
Example : The government has already renewed the system
لقد قامت الحكومة بتجديد النظام بالفعل
Example : My mom has retired since 1999
لقد تقاعدت والداتي عن العمل منذ 1999
Example : She has traveled for 2 weeks
لقد سافرت لمدة اسبوعين
المضارع التام: ?Have You Ever
طرح الأسئلة طريقة ممتازة وسهلة لتعلم المضارع التام وأحد هذه الأسئلة هو “Have You Ever
يعاني العديد من متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية من موضوع المضارع التام (Present Perfect) بسب أنه يثير الكثير من الشكوك لأولئك الذين يحاولون تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية. سنقدم اليوم لك طريقة عملية لمعرفة متى وكيف تستخدمه بشكل مثالي في المحادثات
لمساعدتك على تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية بطريقة حقيقية وعملية، الأهم من حفظ القواعد النحوية هو فهم كيف أن المضارع التام جزء من الحياة اليومية للمتحدثين الأصليين للغة.
متى تستخدم “Have you ever
غالبًا ما يُسأل عندما نريد أن نسأل عن شيء ما فعله أو اختبره شخص معين في مرحلة ما من الحياة. على سبيل المثال، إذا سألت شخصًا ما:
| “هل زرت ساو باولو من قبل؟” | “Have you ever been to São Paulo |
فأنت تريد معرفة ما إذا كان هذا الشخص قد ذهب بالفعل إلى ساو باولو، بغض النظر عن وقت حدوث ذلك.
“Have you ever?” أم “Did you ever
أحد الأسئلة المتكررة لمتعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية هو: “ما هو الفرق بين المضارع التام والمضارع البسيط؟”
لننظر هنا أي صيغة للسؤال هي الأفضل؟
| ?Do you ever eat Pasta | ?Have you ever eaten Pasta |
ستتغير إجابتك وفقًا لما تريد معرفته، إذا كنت تريد أن تعرف ما إذا كنت قد جربت بالفعل هذا الطبق، فإن الصيغة الصحيحة هو ” have you ever”. ولكن إذا كان السؤال يشير إلى عادة شخص ما، فإن الأنسب هو استخدام ” do you ever
ما الفرق في اللغة الإنجليزية بين Present Continuous و Present Perfect؟
لو أردت التحدث عن فعل يحدث الآن. على سبيل المثال، إذا أردت أن تقول إنها تمطر بغزارة باللغة الإنجليزية. هل يجب أن تقول:
| It is raining a lot | It has been raining a lot |
ماذا لو أخبرتك أن كلاهما صحيح، لكن المعنى يتغير كثيرًا، اعتمادًا على الفعل الذي تستخدمه.
بالنسبة للمتحدث الأصلي، فإن سماع شخص ما يتحدث عن المطر، باستخدام المضارع المستمر، يجلب فكرة أكثر إلحاحًا عن الإجراء. إنه شيء يحدث الآن. إذا كنت تستخدم المضارع التام للتحدث عن المطر، فسوف يفهم أن هذا الإجراء قد تكرر خلال فترة زمنية معينة.
شرح قاعدة زمن المضارع التام بالتفصيل شرح قاعدة present perfect
شرح قاعدة present perfect simple التعريف
المضارع التام : هو حدث أو فعل تم في الماضي وانتهي ولكن دون تحديد مدة زمنية محددة أو يمكن تحديدها ولكن أثره ما زال ممتد إلى الوقت الحالي. في المضارع التام يتم استخدام have و has قبل الفعل الاصلي للجملة مع اضافة ed للفعل الاصلي او استخدام التصريف الثالث للفعل.
شرح قاعدة present perfect simple
ضمير + has مع he she it او have مع I they we you + فعل بالتصريف الثالث + تكملة الجملة.
في المضارع التام لا نقوم بتحديد الوقت الذي ابنتها فيه الفعل في المثال الاول، انا انتهيت من عملي ولن نقم بتحديد الوقت الذي انتهيت فيه. وفي الثاني وصلنا الى الرياض ولم نحدد وقت الوصول. وفي المثال الثالث هدى تناولت الغداء دون تحديد الوقت. في حال تحديد الوقت فستصبح الجملة في زمن
I have finished my work
لقد أنهيت عملي
we have arrived to Riyadh
نحن وصلنا الى الرياض
Hoda has eaten lunch
لقد تناولت هدى الغداء
I have eaten lunch
لقد تناولت الغداء
she has eaten lunch
لقد تناولت الغداء
it has been cold for the last three days
الجو بارد خلال الثلاث أيام الأخيرة.
نفي المضارع التام نفي present perfect
نقوم بأضافة not مباشرة بعد have او has وفي كثير من الحالات نضيف yet الى نهاية الجمل والتي تعني بعد مثلاً لم انتهي من واجباتي المدرسية بعد.
I have not finished my work yet
لم أنهي عملي بعد
Khaled has not eaten lunch yet
خالد لم يتناول الغداء بعد
تكوين السؤال في المضارع التام
نستخدم have او has + ضمير + فعل بالتصريف الثالث + تكملة السؤال
Have you finished your work yet?e
هل أنهيت عملك؟
Has Ahmed done his homework yet?e
هل انها احمد واجباته بعد؟
How long have you lived there?e
كم المدة التي عشتها هناك؟
Have you watched the movie yet?e
إجابة مختصرة للسؤال.
Yes, I have – No I have not
اجالة مطولة للسؤال.
Yes, I have watched the movie- No, I have not watched the movie
هل قمت بمشاهدة الفيلم؟
نعم لقد شاهدته/ لا لم أقم بمشاهدته
نعم لقد شاهدة الفلم/ لا لم اشاهد الفلم.
امثلة على المضارع التام بالطريقة الصحيحة:
1) I have talked to my friend about our holiday
لقد تحدثت مع صديقتي عن الأجازة
2) he has started his work
لقد بدأ عمله
3) have you been there before?e
هل سبق وانت كنت هناك من قبل
4) Mohammed has slept in the lecture
لقد نام محمد في المحاضرة
5) the teachers have written the exam.
لقد انها المعلون من كتابة الاختبار
امثلة خاطئة على استخدام زمن المضارع التام :
1) I have talk to my friend about our holiday
الخطأ في talk لأنه بعد have في المضارع التام يكون الفعل في التصريف الثالث كما بالأمثلة السابقة والصواب:
talked
2) he have got a new watch
الخطأ في have لأن الفاعل مفرد والصواب: has
هو حصل على ساعة جديدة
3) Norah has cook the fish
الصواب: cooked
نوره طبخت السمك
4) have you ever see this place?e
الصواب: seen
هل سبق ورأيت هذا المكان
اسئلة على شرح قاعدة زمن المضارع التام شرح قاعدة present perfect
المطلوب كتابة الفعل في حالة التصريف الثالث.
Norah and I have (work) for two hours
They have (drive) the car for six hours
She has (write) two page
We have (cook) the dinner already
الاجابات الصحيحة
- eaten
- Worked
- drove
- Written
- cooked
